Process system engineering in biodiesel production: a review

Biodiesel is fast becoming a popular alternative to fossil fuels, as it is natural, renewable and has low toxic emissions. Strategies that have been adopted to ensure continued growth of the biodiesel industry are policy development, reduction of biodiesel tax, offset funding for incremental fuel cost from CO2 emission fuel and support for research and development of potential biodiesel feedstocks. Recent innovations of biodiesel processes are focused on the development of more efficient catalysts and in the utilization of novel reaction media such as supercritical fluids as well as on a variety of oil feedstocks such as virgin and waste oils. Biodiesel production involves complex processes which require systematic process design and optimization. The main aim of designing biodiesel plants is to maxime conversion of ethyl or methyl esters at the lowest capital cost of the plant. The design should also consider safety and environmental concerns. Process system engineering (PSE) is a systematic approach to design and analyze complex processes by using a variety of PSE tools for the optimization of biodiesel production. This paper reviews the latest PSE tools used in development of novel biodiesel processes. It describes the main PSE elements such as process model development and product design, simulation of biodiesel processes, optimization of biodiesel synthesis, and integration of reactor and separation systems. This review also highlights the sustainability of biodiesel production

Process system engineering in biodiesel production: a review

Biodiesel is fast becoming a popular alternative to fossil fuels, as it is natural, renewable and has low toxic emissions. Strategies that have been adopted to ensure continued growth of the biodiesel industry are policy development, reduction of biodiesel tax, offset funding for incremental fuel cost from CO2 emission fuel and support for research and development of potential biodiesel feedstocks. Recent innovations of biodiesel processes are focused on the development of more efficient catalysts and in the utilization of novel reaction media such as supercritical fluids as well as on a variety of oil feedstocks such as virgin and waste oils. Biodiesel production involves complex processes which require systematic process design and optimization. The main aim of designing biodiesel plants is to maxime conversion of ethyl or methyl esters at the lowest capital cost of the plant. The design should also consider safety and environmental concerns. Process system engineering (PSE) is a systematic approach to design and analyze complex processes by using a variety of PSE tools for the optimization of biodiesel production. This paper reviews the latest PSE tools used in development of novel biodiesel processes. It describes the main PSE elements such as process model development and product design, simulation of biodiesel processes, optimization of biodiesel synthesis, and integration of reactor and separation systems. This review also highlights the sustainability of biodiesel production

Analisis Kinerja Simpang Tak Bersinyal di Kota Gorontalo

  To the effect research is subject to be know traffic performance on divergent four Jl. Nani Wartabone – Jl. MH Thamrin – Jl. MT Haryono, and to know traffic arrangement on divergent four Jl. Nani Wartabone – Jl. MH Thamrin – Jl. MT Haryono. This research started by undertaking survey direct goes to location on divergent four Jl. Nani Wartabone Jl. MH Thamrin Jl. MT Haryono. Data those are taken on this observational process as data of primary and secondary data. Primary data to be gotten by observation or direct watch at observational location which is measurement geometrik deviates that cover median\u27s broad and road wide and vehicle survey. Data secondarying to give picture in common about things which gets bearing with object of research which is Road Map, Data Foots Up Gorontalo\u27s Townee, Data foots up Gorontalo\u27s City vehicle and traffic accident data Gorontalo\u27s City. Observational time at the site is done up to one week which is of hits 06.00 18.00 Wita. Base analisis\u27s Result performance deviates, gotten by volumed arithmetic result traffic on the time of day supreme top as big as 1066 kend / the time of day namely on monday hits 16.00 17.00 one lie on dominated Nani Wartabone road by motor vehicle. To assess supreme capacity namely on sunday as big as 3.200smp / the time of day, supreme saturation degree point namely on monday as big as 0,79, tundaan\u27s point supreme namely on monday as big as 12,92, and highest queue Opportunity namely on monday among 25 50. Of analisis\u27s result upon can be gleaned from that this branch still reasonable is utilized for the present since on hour condition culminates to assess saturation Degree is still under 0,85.    Key word:  Capacity, Degree saturation, Tundaan, Queue opportunit

Methyl esters selectivity of transesterification reaction with homogenous alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel in batch, plug flow, and continuous stirred tank reactors

Selectivity concept is essential in establishing the best operating conditions for attaining maximum production of the desired product. For complex reaction such as biodiesel fuel synthesis, kinetic studies of transesterification reaction have revealed the mechanism of the reaction and rate constants. The objectives of this research are to develop the kinetic parameters for determination of methyl esters and glycerol selectivity, evaluate the significance of the reverse reaction in transesterification reaction, and examine the influence of reaction characteristics (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and the amount of catalyst) on selectivity. For this study, published reaction rate constants of transesterification reaction were used to develop mathematical expressions for selectivities. In order to examine the base case and reversible transesterification, two calculation schemes (Case 1 and Case 2) were established. An enhanced selectivity was found in the base case of transesterification reaction. The selectivity was greatly improved at optimum reaction temperature (60 C), molar ratio (9 : 1), catalyst concentration (1.5 wt.%), and low free fatty acid feedstock. Further research might explore the application of selectivity for specifying reactor configurations

Methyl esters selectivity of transesterification reaction with homogenous alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel in batch, plug flow, and continuous stirred tank reactors

Selectivity concept is essential in establishing the best operating conditions for attaining maximum production of the desired product. For complex reaction such as biodiesel fuel synthesis, kinetic studies of transesterification reaction have revealed the mechanism of the reaction and rate constants. The objectives of this research are to develop the kinetic parameters for determination of methyl esters and glycerol selectivity, evaluate the significance of the reverse reaction in transesterification reaction, and examine the influence of reaction characteristics (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and the amount of catalyst) on selectivity. For this study, published reaction rate constants of transesterification reaction were used to develop mathematical expressions for selectivities. In order to examine the base case and reversible transesterification, two calculation schemes (Case 1 and Case 2) were established. An enhanced selectivity was found in the base case of transesterification reaction. The selectivity was greatly improved at optimum reaction temperature (60 C), molar ratio (9 : 1), catalyst concentration (1.5 wt.%), and low free fatty acid feedstock. Further research might explore the application of selectivity for specifying reactor configurations

Treatment Domestic Wastewater Using UASB and DFAF Two Phase Combined Reactor Systems: Preliminary Study

Anaerobic wastewater treatment technology has shown high organic removals as well as cost-effective processes. This paper presents an evaluation of the feasibility of employing Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by Down-flow Aerobic Filter (DFAF) treating domestic wastewater. Besides, the performance of using zeolite and coconut shell activated carbon as support material will also be appraise. The microbial communities that are responsible of nutrient removal were identified. An analytical study carried out to evaluate the performance of combined UASB (R1, R2, and R3) and DFAF (S1, S2, and S3) reactors in sequence operation. 6.36L UASB reactor seeded with sludge from domestic sewerage plant anaerobic pond to be fed with domestic wastewater. The effluent of UASB reactor directly discharges to the DFAF reactor of 2.84L capacity. The DFAF is a down-flow filter through pack of zeolite and coconut shell activated carbon respectively. The wastewater is fed continuously with increasing OLR until the reactor failed. Parameters measured are pH, and COD. The instruments used for collecting data in this research are pH meter and HACH DR5000. In this research, the highest COD removal for the effluents from the R1, R2 and R3 were at the 12th day with 95% removal at 16th day with 96% and 14th day with 95% respectively. Meanwhile, in the post-treatment system, the highest COD removal for the effluents from the S1, S2 and S3 were at the 4th day with 85% removal at 6th day with 70% removal at the 6th day with 93% removal. The findings of this study would hopefully contribute to the enhancement of current established system in treating domestic wastewater

Impacts of Road Construction on the Natural Environment and the Indigenous Peoples of the Chattogram Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

Road construction raises a number of sustainability concerns. It becomes more complicated when it affects Indigenous people and their traditional livelihoods. This study attempts to examine the impacts of road construction on Indigenous peoples of the Chattogram Hill Tracts. There have been very limited studies to understand how Indigenous people and government road construction experts perceived about road impacts in this area. Given historical grievances among these Indigenous people since the British colonial period, it is important to examine what can be the causes of frictions. This research conducted a thorough examination of available documents, including government reports and past studies. It then conducted two separate surveys among government road construction experts and Indigenous people in the Chattogram Hill Tracts. Through our documentary review on past road construction, we identified that road construction caused deforestation, biodiversity loss, loss of Indigenous peoples’ ancestral lands, land degradation and drainage congestion. The survey among government experts identified agricultural land reduction, soil destabilization, landslide, deforestation, greenhouse gas emission, the emission of dust and particulate matters and substantial noise pollution. The survey among Indigenous people revealed that 95 percent of them did not receive any compensation. They lost land and other properties. Their agricultural production was reduced. A small proportion of them, however, did gain new employment and increased their income. Many recognized better accessibility to schools and health centers due to new roads. Keywords: Indigenous Peoples; Chattogram Hill Tracts; Road Construction; Land Encroachment; Environmental Impacts DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-5-02 Publication date:July 31st 202

Manajemen Daftar Pemilih dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum Legislatif di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara Tahun 2014

Updating the data of voters and the establishment of the voter list, which is part of the implementation phase general election until today is still a national political issue quite seriously. This study was conducted to analyze and reveal the causes of voter lists have not been as good management that is focused on the organization of legislative elections in the province of North Sulawesi. From this research it was found that the management of voter lists in the organization of legislative elections in North Sulawesi province in 2014 have not been going well since the function of planning, organizing, and monitoring have not been fully applied in the management of the voter list. By it necessary to make improvements in the management of voter lists in planning data collection, establishment Updating Voter Data Officer, the District Selection Committee and the Voting Committee, the operational budget adjustments in the data collection stage, maximizing the internal oversight functions

Postnatal confinement among Malay women: Comparing practices between two different generations

This study aimed to determine the difference in postnatal confinement practice between two different generations. It was an unmatched cross-sectional study involving 200 women. Women aged less than 50, and 50 years old or more, were grouped as younger and older generation, respectively. This study showed there were significant differences in postnatal confinement practice including the pattern of food restriction and some traditional postnatal care practices (less sexual abstinence, hot compression, herbal bath and avoiding social outing among women from younger generations). Clinically proven intervention should be recommended, and harmful practices should be discouraged to ensure a safe confinement practice.Keywords:  post-partum; puerperium; traditional; era eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.191